名詞 bureaucracy:

1. nonelective government officials
   同義詞：bureaucratism
2. a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials
3. any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape

1. The bureaucracy has become ossified.
   官僚主義已變得僵化了。
2. The inertia of an entrenched bureaucracy.
   平穩(wěn)的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)存在的惰性
3. The dead hand of bureaucracy is slowing our progress.
   官僚主義的流毒拖慢了我們的進(jìn)步。
4. It was hard to understand all the minute gradations of their bureaucracy.
   很難弄清楚他們那套官僚體制全部細(xì)微的層次分別。

bu.reauc.ra.cy

n.（名詞）
【復(fù)數(shù)】 bu.reauc.ra.cies

Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials.
行政系統(tǒng)：主要通過(guò)有未經(jīng)挑選的官員的政府機(jī)關(guān)局或處進(jìn)行的行政管理
The departments and their officials as a group:
官僚：部門和其官員作為一整體的總稱：
例句：
promised to reorganize the federal bureaucracy.
發(fā)誓整頓聯(lián)邦官僚作風(fēng)

Management or administration marked by diffusion of authority among numerous offices and adherence to inflexible rules of operation:
官僚主義：一種以在眾多機(jī)構(gòu)中擁有權(quán)威地位，并且固守著不變規(guī)則辦事為特點(diǎn)的處理或管理：
例句：
.knew something about bureaucracy and those nameless, faceless forces that can crush the life`s blood from the individual.(Rollene W. Saal)
.了解一些關(guān)于官僚主義和那些無(wú)名的、無(wú)特征的，并能夠?qū)⑸脑瓌?dòng)力從個(gè)體中擠壓出來(lái)的力量的情況.(羅里尼W.薩爾)

An administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow complex procedures impedes effective action:
官僚制度：一套行政制度，需要或傾向于一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程從而阻礙有效行動(dòng)的行政制度：
例句：
innovative ideas that get bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy.
陷入繁文縟節(jié)和官僚制度中的創(chuàng)新方法

來(lái)源：
French bureaucratie
法語(yǔ) bureaucratie
bureau [office] * see bureau
bureau [辦公室] *參見(jiàn) bureau
-cratie [rule] from Old French * see -cracy
-cratie [規(guī)則，規(guī)章] 源自 古法語(yǔ) *參見(jiàn) -cracy